Ralph Cudworth

Ralph Cudworth (1617-1688) was an English theologian and philosopher of ethics who became the leading systematic exponent of Cambridge Platonism. The Cambridge Platonists formed a 17th Century group of English thinkers associated with the University of Cambridge. The most important philosophers among them were Henry More and Ralph Cudworth, both fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge. Member of the group also included Benjamin Whichcote, Peter Sterry, John Smith, Nathaniel Culverwell, and John Worthington, all one-time fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. George Rust, Anne Conway, and John Norris were among the younger followers.

The remainder of Dr. Cudworth's biographical information is drawn from the Encyclopaedia Britannica:

“Reared as a Puritan, Cudworth eventually adopted such Nonconformist views as the notion that church government and religious practice should be individual rather than authoritarian. In 1639 he was elected to a fellowship at Cambridge and three years later wrote his first book, A Discourse Concerning the True Notion of the Lord’s Supper, and the tract called The Union of Christ and the Church. In 1645 he was named master of Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he was elected unanimously as Regius professor of Hebrew. His increasing opposition to Puritanism in government was expressed in his widely reprinted sermon to the House of Commons in March 1647. He left Cambridge in 1650 to serve as rector at North Cadbury, Somerset, but returned in 1654 as head of Christ’s College, a position he held until his death.

“Cudworth’s first major work, The True Intellectual System of the Universe: The First Part: Wherein All the Reason and Philosophy of Atheism Is Confuted and its Impossibility Demonstrated (1678), aroused considerable theological opposition. John Dryden characterized its impact in his comment that Cudworth ‘has raised such strong objections against the being of a God and Providence that many think he has not answered them,’ though such answers were indeed Cudworth's goal.

“In ethics, Cudworth's outstanding work is A Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality, directed against Puritan Calvinism, against the divine omnipotence discussed by René Descartes, and against the Hobbesian reduction of morality to civil obedience. Cudworth stressed the natural good or evil inherent in an event or an act in contrast to the Calvinist-Cartesian notion of divine law or to Hobbes's concept of a secular sovereign. ‘Things are what they are,’ he wrote, ‘not by Will but by Nature.’”

Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality